1. Product Composition and Interfacial Engineering
1.1 Core-Shell Structure and Bonding System
(Copper-Coated Steel Fibers)
Copper-coated steel fibers (CCSF) are composite filaments consisting of a high-strength steel core covered by a conductive copper layer, forming a metallurgically bound core-shell architecture.
The steel core, normally low-carbon or stainless-steel, provides mechanical effectiveness with tensile strengths going beyond 2000 MPa, while the copper coating– normally 2– 10% of the complete diameter– imparts outstanding electric and thermal conductivity.
The interface between steel and copper is vital for performance; it is crafted with electroplating, electroless deposition, or cladding procedures to ensure strong adhesion and marginal interdiffusion under functional tensions.
Electroplating is the most usual method, using exact thickness control and consistent insurance coverage on continuous steel filaments attracted via copper sulfate baths.
Appropriate surface area pretreatment of the steel, consisting of cleaning, pickling, and activation, ensures optimal nucleation and bonding of copper crystals, stopping delamination during subsequent handling or service.
With time and at elevated temperatures, interdiffusion can form brittle iron-copper intermetallic phases at the interface, which might jeopardize adaptability and long-lasting reliability– an obstacle reduced by diffusion obstacles or quick processing.
1.2 Physical and Practical Characteristic
CCSFs incorporate the best features of both constituent metals: the high elastic modulus and fatigue resistance of steel with the exceptional conductivity and oxidation resistance of copper.
Electric conductivity normally varies from 15% to 40% of International Annealed Copper Criterion (IACS), relying on finish density and pureness, making CCSF considerably a lot more conductive than pure steel fibers (
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